Method of and apparatus for measuring alignment characteristics of front and rear wheels



June 24, 1952' v CARRlGAN 2,601,262

METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR MEASURING ALIGNMENT V CHARACTERISTICS OF FRONT AND REAR WHEELS Filed April 5, 1946 12 Sheets-Sheet].

June 24, 1952 "r. CARRIGAN 2,601,262

METHOD AND APPAR S FOR MEAS NG ALIGNMENT CHA TERISTICS FRONT AND AR WHEELS Filed April 3, 1946 12 Sheets-Sheet 2 7240 owe/04 INVENTOR.

June 24, 1952 -T. cAR IGAN 2,601,262

METHOD OF AND APPARATUS F R MEASURING ALIGNMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF FRONT AND REAR' WHEELS Filed April 3, 1946 12 Sheets-Sheet 5 INVEN TOR.

' T. CARRIGAN June 24, 1952 2,601,262 A METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR MEASURING ALIGNMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF FRONT AND REAR WHEELS 12 Sheets-Sheet 4 Filed April 3, 1946 INVENTOR.

June 24, 1952 1-. CARRIGAN 2,601,262

METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR MEASURING ALIGNMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF FRONT AND REAR WHEELS Filed April 3. 1946 12 Sheets-Sheet 5 June 24, 1952 T. CARRIGAN 2,601,262

METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR MEASURING ALIGNMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF FRONT AND REAR WHEELS Filed April 5, 1946 12 Sheets-Sheet 6 T846) 64PI/64/V I N V EN TOR.

ATTORNEY INVENTOR.

ATTOP/Vf) ELS l2 Sheets-Sheet 7 RIGAN 2,601,262 FOR MEASURING ALIGNMENT FRONT AND REAR WHE T. CAR ARATUS CS OF METHOD OF AND APP CHARACTERISTI 46 June 24, 1952 Filed April 3, l9

T. CARRIGAN June 24, 1952 METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR MEASURING ALIGNMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF FRONT AND REAR WHEELS l2 Sheets-Sheet 8 Filed April 3, 1946 INVENTOR.

June 24, 1952 T. CARRIGAN 2,601,262

METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR MEASURING ALIGNMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF FRONT AND REAR WHEELS Filed April 3, 1946 12 Sheets-Sheet 9 IN VEN TOR.

T. CARRIGAN June 24, 1952 2,601,262 METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR MEASURING ALIGNMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF FRONT AND REAR WHEELS 12 Sheets-Sheet l0 Filed April 3, 1946 INVENTOR.

T. CARRIGAN June 24, 1952 2,601,262 METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR MEASURING ALIGNMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF FRONT AND REAR WHEELS l2 Sheets-Sheet 11 Filed April 3, 1946 F30 MOP Z mpr +24 94 4; 5o wok z mok tq jofzi I A! III I'll...

3 $o#$* EENTZLQ. Sowok P30 MOP Z uolr m ud Z MOP .50 wOF INVENTOR.

T. CARRIGAN June 24, 1952 2,601,262 METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR MEASURING ALIGNMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF FRONT AND REAR WHEELS Filed April :5, 1946 12 Sheets-Sheet l2 NNN QNN

NW B

WN .QNBN

NNN

7246') CAIFQ/GA/V INVENTOR A77'0P/Vfy Patented June 24, 1952 Tracy Carrigan, Lansing, Micln, ass i gnor to Food Machinery and Chemical Gorporation, a corporation of Delaware Anastasia; 3. 1946, Serial No. 59.317

This invention relates to the art of checking the alignment of vehicle wheels."

:It'isan objectof this invention to provide a novel method of and apparatus for checking alignment 7 characteristics of dirig'ible' vehicle It is another object of my invention to provide ajnovel'methodof and apparatus for checking the alignment of non-dirigible drivev wheels of a It is another object of my invention to provide a method and apparatus by which the alignment characteristics of the four wheels of a vehicle may be checked ina single operation.

'Itjis another object of the invention to provide a method of and apparatus for'accomplishin g any or all of the; foregoing objects optically andindicating the results so that'these may be seen and readily understood by unskilled persons, and particularly 'by the average automobile owner.

The manner of accomplishing the foregoing objects, as well as further objects and advantages, will be made manifest in the following description taken in connection with the accompanyingdrawings'in which:

Fig, 1 is a perspective view of a preferred embodimentof the apparatus of the invention.

' Fig; 2 is a perspective view of an automobile supported on the apparatus shown in Fig. 1 and in the process of'having the alignment of the" four wheels thereof checked by said apparatus.

Fig. 3 is a close-up perspective View of the rear left wheel of said automobile while the alignment thereof is being checked by said apparatus. Fig. 4is a vertical sectionalview through the clutch-clamp of. the device preferably employed to mount mirrors on thewheels being tested.

Fig. 5 is a plan view of the left hand optical unit of, the apparatus of this invention with the housing in section to show the internal construction: Y ;Fig. 6 is a side elevational view the housing in'section.

Fig.7 is an enlarged cross sectional ar 5 wi View of the film slide of the chart-projector-of the inven tion taken on the line l'--l of liigf5.

Fig. 8 is an enlarged longitudinal sectional view of the rear beammask-adjuster of the invention and is taken on the line 8 8;o f Fig 6.

Fig. 9 is a front elevational view of one of the front wheel mirrors of the invention Fig. 10 is a front elevational-viewof the frame of said front wheelmirror. 1

Fig. 11 is aplan view of said front wheel mirror.

9 Claims. (Cl. 33- -46) Fig. 12 is a cross sectional view taken on the line l2 '--;l'2 of Fig. 11. Fig; 13' is a plan view of said front wheel mirror frame partly broken away to illustratethe inner cqnstruction; I

Fig: '14 is a plan view of the left rear wheel mirror oftheinverition. '1 Fi g., 15 is a front'elevational View of Fig. 14.

';Fig. '16 is a "crossse'ctionalview taken onthe line lfi rlifiof Fig. 14. Fig. 17' is a plan diagram of the operation of the left hand optical unit ofthe apparatus. Fig'. 18 is a side elevational view of Fig. 17. Fig l 9"is a plan diagramof theinvention being used to checkthealignmentof the rear wheels of an automobile in which, said alignment is found to fbe 'perfect.

jFi gzf 2lifisa diagram of the left and right drive wheelchaits' produced byfsaid apparatus in the check illustratedin'l i'g; 19 and indicatingperfect rear wheel-alignment.

j Figgfzl is aplandiagram of the invention being employed to 'cheok'thealignment of-the 'd'rive wheels'in' which the differential 'housingis' found fFig I ZZ is ,adiagram of the left and right drive wheel'charts indicating the conditionillustrated Fig 23 is a plan diagram of the invention being employed "to" check the alignment of the drive wheelsof-an automobile in which, the differential housing 'is'spiumgso thatthe axes of rotation of the wheels'oneach end of "this" are out "of alignmentwith each other ina horizontal plane.

Fig. 24 isa diagram of the left and right drive wheel charts produced bythe inventionand' revealing-the condition illustrated in Fig;'23.

"Fig. "25 -is'-'a' rear elevational diagram of an automobile being-checked and showing the differential housing sprung vertically so that the axes of rotation of the wheel's'on opposite ends thereof are out of alignment with ;each" other in a'vertical'planel jEigZ Zti-is an enlarged diagram of the left and right bubble levels provided on the drive wheel mirrorsfpf the apparatus of the invention as these are disposed-by the condition illustrated Fig 2 is a side elevationaldiagramshowing the paths fofi light beams employed in; this invention for checking the alignment of "the rear drive wheels of-afvehicler s v Fig. -28 is a diagrammatic view illustrating the camber chart employed in the invention.

Fig 29 is adiagrammatic view illustrating the caster"chart-*em ployed in the invention as set 3 during the initial cocking of the left front wheel of an automobile being checked for caster.

Fig. is a view similar to Fig. 29 illustrating the reading of caster on said caster chart after the reverse cooking of said left front wheel.

Referring specifically to the drawings, the preferred embodiment of the apparatus of the invention is indicated therein by the numeral 38 and includes two apparatus sections, a left hand section 3| and a right hand section 3| which are reverse duplicates of each other so that a detailed disclosure and description of one will sufiice for both. Only the left hand section is thus disclosed and described. Whatever reference is made to the right hand apparatus section 3| will, therefore, be made by using the reference numerals of corresponding parts in the left hand section 3 I, with prime attached.

The two apparatus sections 3| and 3| are mounted on a testing floor in parallelism as shown in perspective in Fig. 1 so that a vehicle to be tested can be driven onto and off of the apparatus, as shown in Fig. 2, under its own power.

The left hand apparatus section 3| includes a wheel track 33 and an approach ramp 34, which are supported on legs 35 and a turntable base 36, at the front end of the track, which carries a turntable 3! and a front wheel bumper 38. Extending between and supported on the turntable bases 36 and 36' is a double jack beam 39 which supports jacks 48 and 48'.

Formed integral with and extending laterally from the turntable base 36 is a horn which embodies an optical unit slideway 46 on which an optical unit 41 is slideably mounted.

The slideway 46 is embodied in an upper wall of the horn 45. This wall has a central slot 48 (Fig. 6) on opposite sides of which are provided a flat rail 49 and a double bevel rail 58. Adjacent the slot 48 and formed downwardly from the upper wall of horn 45 are a pair of internal rails 5|. The slot 48 and the rails 49, 58 and 5| are all horizontal, parallel to one another, and perpendicular to the vehicle wheel track 33.

The optical unit 41 includes a pedestal 52 which is formed as shown in Fig. 6 to fit the rails 49 and 59 so that the unit 41 is slideable on these rails. To hold the unit 4'! from being accidentally dislodged from snug contact with these rails, the pedestal 52 has a hold-down rod 53 which extends downwardly through the slot 48 and carries a yoke 54 having rollers 55 which are yieldably held upwardly against the rails 5| by a spring 56 coiled about the rod 53 between the yoke 54 and a nut 51 on the lower end of the rod.

Provided on the upper end of the pedestal 52 is a shaft 68 which is gripped by clamps 6| of a unit floor 62, thereby supporting this floor on shaft 68 so that the fioor may be adjusted about this shaft if desired. The axis of shaft 68 is parallel with rails 49 and 58. Fixed on one end of the shaft 68 is an arm 63, the upper end of which is provided with a stub-shaft 64, this carrying on its outer end a handle 65 for manipulating the unit 41. The lighting circuit of this unit is controlled through a switch 66 provided on handle 65.

Mounted on the unit floor 62 are two projectors 61 and 68. The projector 61 rests directly on the fioor and performs the function of projecting a chart onto a screen 18 which, for convenience, is mounted in a darkened recess II provided in a screen cabinet I2 (see Fig. l)

The projector 61 includes a frame 15 supporting an electric lamp 16, an optical condenser H,

a chart slide box 18, and a projecting lens element l9 which may be of the type known as Eastman, Model-I-Kodaslide Projector-F3.74" Focus.

As shown in Fig. 7, the slide box I8 provides a vertical slideway 88 in which a film slide 8| having a rack 82 may be slid upwardly or downwardly by engagement of a pinion 83 with this rack. The pinion 83 is fixed on a shaft 84, the latter being mounted in suitable bearings provided on the frame I5 and extending rearwardly to terminat in a knurled head 85. Fixed on the film slide 8| by screw 86 is an eccentric stop 81 which engages the slide box I8 when the slide BI is in its downwardmost position. By selecting the rotational position by which the stop 81 is snugged against the slide 8|, the proper downwardmost position of the latter may be determined within a relatively small margin of adjustment. The slide 8| is provided with a camber chart film 89, a drive wheel chart film 98 and a caster chart film 9|. In these films as shown in Fig. '7, the representations of the charts are inverted so that they will appear right side up when projected.

By manipulation of the knurled head 85, the slide 8| may be elevated or depressed in the slideway 88 to selectively project onto the screen 18 a chart image from one of the film 89, 98 or 8| or to adjust the vertical position of one of these charts on said screen.

The projector frame 15 has transverse walls 92 and 93 which support a telescope 94, the inner end of which has a collar 95 carrying a reflector 96, the latter having a central aperture 91 through which light rays may be omitted rearwardly from the lamp I6 (Fig. 8).

Also provided on the collar 95 is a flat spring 98 bent as shown in Fig. 8 and having a hole 99 disposed opposite the reflector hole 9'! and engaged by a screw I88 for adjusting the position of a mask |8I provided on the spring 98 with respect to the filament I82 of the lamp I6. The mask |8I has a cruciform aperture I83 which, by manipulation of the screw I88, is adapted to be disposed coaxially with respect to the telescope 84 so that a beam of light I will be projected rearwardly through this aperture along the extended axis of the telescope. Provided on the rear end of the telescope 94 is a collar I I8 in which is mounted a prism lens I I I which causes the beam I85 to be projected rearwardly as two beams H2 and H3 (Fig. 27).

These beams are disposed in the same vertical plane and may be referred to for purposes of distinguishing them as primary beam H2 and secondary beam H3. The primary beam is preferably projected horizontally and the beam |I3 inlclined upwardly about 2 from horizontal (Fig. 2

The projector 68 is mounted on a table ||6 provided on floor 62 so as to be located at a higher level than and laterally displaced from the projector 6'! (Figs. 5, 6, l7 and 18). The projector 68 includes a frame II! in which is mounted an electric lamp H8, 9. reflector H9, a condenser element I28 which is retained in place by a spring |2|, and a cross hair beam mask I22. The function of the projector 68 is to project a beam of light through the mask I22 which will ultimately be intercepted by the screen I8 in the form of a cross hair image in a manner and for a purpose which will be made clear hereinafter.

Fixed on the optical unit fioor 62 is a table I25 (Figs. 5 and 6) having mounted thereon a mirror I26, a lens I21 and a mirror I28. Also fixed on .5 the; floon-.B2 .is a frame, 129 carryinga relatively largemirrcr I and also having mounted thereon alc ator lamp. 3 alocator beam mask 132, and -amirror I33. Fixed on the floor, 52. is a bracket I34 carrying a locator beam-;.lens -I,35. The opticalunit- 41 ,is supplied with electricity through suitable conductors (not shown) for energizing the lainps; 15,: H8, and-13L ona single I t con oll by t e s it h. .66-

1; is enclosed by a suitable streamlined housihgjlillhavinga,loweraperture. MI for receivingthepedestal 52, a front aperture I42 covered by a Window I 543, and aside aperture. [44,.

The apparatus section SI of the invention also includes ad-irigible wheel mirror ;I;5Q and a drive wheel niirrorz I5! which, when performing the method of the; invention, are supported on the lefttdirigibleanddrive wheels respectively of a vehicle, thealignment characteristics of which arebeing checked. I preferto employ for the purpose .of so mounting said mirrors a wheel mirror mount I52, the structure of which is fully disclosedin the c opending application: for U. S. Letters Patent of Herbert G. Holmes, Ser. No. 614,267, filed September 4... 1945, on a Wheel Mirror Mount, now Patent No. 2,455,502, granted July5,l949.

The. mount I52 includes a pair of parallel slide bars 153,. adjacent ends of'which are fixed in a cross-member I54 having rim engaging jaws I55 and I55. Slideable on the opposite ends of the bars I53 is. a clutch clamp I51 having a jaw'I50. The jaws I55 and I55 and I58 have inner faces which lie in a plane parallel withthe, plane ofthe bars 153. and are adapted to he brought to bear against the outer edge of a wheel rimsuch asthe riml59.in Fig. 3. Each ofthese jaws has a tooth Hit.v preferably formed, of. a hardened screw, which, when the jaws are so positioned, lies outside of the rim I50. The clutch I51 has a-clutch mechanism. I 62 which may be actuated by a handle J63 to grip the bars I-53, and upon further movement of the handle I83, shift the clutch clamp I51 inwardly on these bars.

II'hemechanismISE includes ahollow. body I64, with-which jaw 158 is formedintegral. This body has vertically spacedwalls I55. and I55 through aligned holes in whichthe bars I53 slide. Journalledrin a .hole I61 in wall I55 perpendicular, to the plane of the bars I53 is a cam shaft I63 having a notch I69, thisshaft carrying the handle: I:53. Disposed between wallsl65 and I56, having, holes I15. through which bars I53 normally; loosely slide. and. yieldably held downwardlybysprings I1I, is a. locking dog I12, the inner end-I113 of which-turns down and bears against the shaft I68v opposite the notch I09 therein. Normally. the dog end I13 rests in notch I69 andbars I53 are free. to slidethrough holes I210. When the shaft I58 is rotated by the handle i'| 3,.:'the. dog I12. is first cocked into a gripping, relation with bars I53. Further rotation of shaft I58 then shifts the clamp I51 along bars I53, towards the center of the rim I59, thereby embedding the teeth I of jaws I55, I and I53 inthe-metal of the rim and securing the mount I 52 to said rim.

; Slideably mounted on the bars I53 between the memberlsd and clutch clamp I51 is a device supporting slide I15 having a socket I16, the bore I11-;of which is disposed at right angles to the plane of the slide bars I53. The slide I15 has spring and ball detents I18 .(Figs. 11. and 12) which frictionallybear against the slide barsl53 and prevent slide. I15; from being accidentally.

6. shifted. from. .a position.- .in which. it .has;...been placedonsa-idbars.

The dirigiblewheelmirror I50 includes. airame I 1.9.. havinga. hub; 2| 80,;1the latter. .having. a bore I8]. (Fig. 13).. :Trappedin. the=.bore J8I.-.hy--,a cap I82 .is adouble ball-bearing. I83 intowhich a shaft 184 extends,- the latter heingheld' in said bearing by. a plate: J55 .so .that .this hearing. abuts against a shoulder J86 formed onsaidshaft. .J3e.-. yond the shoulder. ;I 86 .the shaft .Ifi lisof proper diameter. :to. snugly -fit. the'bore I11. of theyslide I15 and. is.held-.therein aslby a set screw I 81.

Secured onthe. frame. I19. loyclips 1.90; are. a centralmirror J9I andiwing..mirrors-..l92 .and I 93, the wing mirrorsbeing inclinedbackwardly at 20"..relativev to ..the. central.=mirror .I9I.. The centraLmirror 1.91 is. disposedin a plane which is perpendicular .to .the axis of the. shaft 184. .Proe vided on;theframe I 19..is. a counterbalance weight I94, .which. lowers the. center of .igravityl of. the mirror. I50 sothat this always remainsupright in plumb fashionregardless of the rotation of the shaft 484 Jon-which the mirror is mounted. 'When this shaft is disposedhorizontallyflthe-mirror I9I which is perpendicular to the shaft ls.-disposed vertically and the wing mirrors I'M-and I93 are so related to the. central mirror I9 I that they are at-this time also disposed vertically.

Errclosingthe-f-rame I19 ofthe-mirror I50 is a housing I95 having bracketsby which it "is secured to the frame. The housing I95 also Has a front opening I91 through which .the mirrors I9I, I92 and I93 are exposed to view this opening being surrounded andthe mirrors framed by a rubber molding I98 which is mounted on the edge of the housing bordering said opening.

The drive wheel mirror I5I '(FigsJB, 14, 15 and 16)--includes a-shaft 200 having calibration marks 20I cut therein at regular intervals for a purpose tobe made clear hereinafter. This mirror also includes a frame structure 202 which ispreferablystamped of light-sheet metal and provides spaced holes 205 through which the shaft 200 slideably extends and an aper-tured, internallythreaded ear 204 which is adapted to receive a thumb-screW Z-IIE to permit the latter to be screwed against-the shaft 20!], thereby locking the mirror I5I in any desired position on this shaft. Mounted on the frame 202 in a plane parallel with the shaft 200 is a mirror 206, this being supported by clamps 201 provided on the frame 202. Enclosing the frame 202 and mirror 205 is a housing 208,;the latter having suitable apertures through which the shaft 2-00 and screw 205 extend. ;It also has an-upper aperture 209 just beneath which a spirit level 210 is mounted on the frame 202. This level is provided with suitable calibrations (see Figs. 14 and. 26) for measuring theinclination of theshaft 200 relative to horizontal.

The housing 208 also has a window opening 2I2 which isframed by arubber moulding 213 mounted-on the housing edge adjacent this opening. Secured to the'outer surfaceof thefhousing 208 just beneath the window opening 2I2 is a calibrated screen 214 having vertical calibrations 2I5 identified by IiumbergZ-IG disposed along the upper edge of the screen.

. Qpegatigm The apparatus shown in the drawings and describedhereina-bove is adapted to be employed in the performance of the method of the invention to l check' the alignment characteristics of the front or dirigible wheels- 220 and .220' of an automobile HI and, in the same operation, check the alignment characteristics of the drive or rear wheels 222 and 222 of said automobile.

In preparation for performing this checking operation the automobile 22I is driven upwardly over the ramps 35 and 34' onto the tracks 33 and 33' until the front or dirigible wheels 220 and 220 rest on the turntables 31 and 3'! free from contact with the bumpers 38 and 38. The front or dirigible wheels 220 and 220 now have wheel mounts I52 and I52 applied thereto with mirrors I50 and I50 carried on said mounts as clearly shown in Figs. 2, 10 and 11.

Rear drive wheels 222 and 222' are also fitted with identical mounts I52 and I52, with the sockets of the latter supporting shafts 200 and 200' and with the mirrors I5I and I5I mounted on said shafts so that the indicia 2IlI and 20I indicates that these mirrors are equally spaced outwardly from the planes of the outer edges of the rims of the wheels 222 and 222'. By loosening thumb screws 205 and 205, the mirrors I5I and I5I' are rotated into substantially vertical positions, the planes of the mirrors 206 and 206 being of course perpendicular respectively to the planes of the wheels 222 and 222.

The operator now snaps on the switch 66, illuminating the lamps in the optical unit 41. This causes the projector 61 to project a chart onto the screen I and at the same time project beams H2 and H3 rearwardly. As shown in Figs. 3 and 27, the primary rearward beam I I2 impinges on the screen 2I4 of the drive wheel mirror I5I to form a cruciform beam image 223. The secondary rearward beam H3 is inclined upwardly from the primary beam H2 just enough to impinge upon the mirror 206 so as to be reflected therefrom onto the screen to form a cruciform beam image 224 (Figs. 22 and 24).

As before noted, the two vertical planes, one of which contains left-side rearward light beams H2 and H3 and the other of which contains the corresponding right-side rearward beams II2' and H3, are parallel at all times by virtue of the mounting and adjustment of the optical units 41 and 41. Correction to maintain this parallelism is accomplished by adjustment of the screws I05 and I 00 (see Fig. 8). It should also be noted that beams H2 and H2 are parallel and beams H3 and H3 are parallel.

For the apparatus to perform the method of the invention, it is preferable that each of the optical units 41 and 41 be located a certain predetermined distance laterally from the adjacent dirigible wheel mirror. tion of the optical units is accomplished separately and in the same way for each of these units.

In the case of unit 41, the latter is pushed or pulled manually, by grasping the handle 65, to slide the unit on its rails 49 and toward or away from the wheel mirror I50, until the unit is correctly located with respect to said mirror. The operator is able to know that the unit 41 is thus correctly located by observation of the relation between certain images projected by this unit onto the screen 10, as will now be explained.

When the lamps I6, H8 and I3I are energized, the projector 68 projects a beam 225 through the mask I22 which impinges against the mirror I26 (Figs. 5, 1'7 and 18). From this mirror it is re flected through the lens I21 which suitably refracts the rays of this beam to prevent their unduly spreading, the beam continuing into con- This correct locatact with the center mirror I3I so that the reflection of this beam from mirror I9I returns outwardly against the mirror I30 from which it is reflected onto the screen 10 to form a cross hair image 226.

The lamp I3I projects a beam of light 221 through a cruciform opening in the mask I32 against the mirror I33 from which this beam is reflected through the lens I35 against the central dirigible wheel mirror I9I from which this beam is reflected onto mirror I28 and thence onto the screen Ill where it forms a cruciform locator image 228. As may be noted from Figs. 6 and 18, the cross hair beam 225 and the locator beam 221, just described, lie in the same horizontal plane as they travel on their way to impingement against the mirror I9I. The various elements utilized in projecting these beams are so related that the point in said plane at which said beams meet, lies in the plane of the reflecting surface of the mirror I9I when the optical unit 41 is properly located laterally from the mirror I9I for performing an alignment checking operation.

The mirrors I28 and I30 by which the cross hair beam 225 and locator beam 22'! are reflected onto the screen I0 are so angled that the optical unit 41 is thus properly related to the mirror I9I as shown in full lines in the diagram of Fig. 17, the cross hair image 226 and the cruciform locator beam image 228 are located on the screen I0 in vertical alignment with each other. When the spacing between the optical unit 4! and the mirror I9I is greater or less than the proper distance, these two images are out of vertical alignment. This is indicated in Fig. 17 by the broken line paths of beams 225 and 221 which occur when the spacing between the mirror I9I and the optical unit 41 is greater than the desired distance.

It is thus clear that to properly relate the unit 41 to its dirigible wheel mirror I50, the operator merely shifts it along its slideway 46 until the images 226 and 228 on the screen 10 come into vertical alignment. The proper spacing of the optical unit 41 from the mirror I9I having been thus accomplished, the operator now repeats this procedure on the right hand side of the automobile 22I to correctly locate the optical unit 41' relative to the wheel mirror I9I.

The vertical parallel planes containing the left-side rearward beams H2 and H3 and the right-side rearward beams H2 and H3 are now equidistant laterally from the point 229 (Fig. 19) on the fore and aft axis 230 of the automobile where this axis intersects with the vertical plane passing through the centers of dirigible wheels 220 and 220. The method of the invention next contemplates a relative rotation about point 229 in a horizontal plane between the automobile MI and the rearward beams I I2 and H2 until the fore and aft axis 230 of the automobile and these beams are brought into parallelism.

While the optical units 47 and 47 may be made adjustable to bring about this parallelism, it is preferred to accomplish this by shifting the rear end of the automobile 22I to one side or the other. The amount, if any, which the fore and aft axis of the automobile is out of parallelism with the beams H2 and II 2 is determined by observing the location of the cruciform image 223 of beam H2 on the mirror screen 2H! and the location of the image 223 of beam H2 on the corresponding screen 2M on the right hand side of the automobile 22I. Where these images are not 10- catedin exactly the samelateral 'relationto the indicia'of these two screens; the rear end of the automobile is shifted laterally until they are.

To prevent any error being introduced-into thereadings for the alignment characteristics of thefront wheels 220 and 220'byone of these being' bent out of perpendicularity with its aXis'of rotation, the front endof automobile 22] is now lifted by the jacks it and 40. The wheels 228 and226" are then rotatedand any'wobble-im dicated by'a circular movement of cross hairimages 226 and 226on the screens In and I is noted. These'wheels are now halted with the images 226 and'22fi' at'points-disposed half way between upper and lower extremes of their circular paths and lowered onto turntables 3'land 31. These circular pathswill hereafter be referred toas wobble circles. While not necessary to secure accurate results the front wheels- 22ll'ahd 220- are, for the sake of uniformity, preferably' always halted with the images 225 and 22'6'in the same direction from the centers of said wobble circles.

The apparatus 30' has now been completely ad justed and the automobile 22 l and'the apparatus brought into a proper relationship forcommencing to'check the alignmentcharacteristics of the front or dirigible wheels 220 and 2.26 and also those of'the rear or drive wheels 222' and. 222.. The checking of these two pairs of wheels may be done in anyv order. desired, that is, the front wheels maybe checkedfirst and. thenthe rear wheels. or the rear wheels may be checked first and after that the front wheels.

Thesteps involved in the checking of the alignment characteristics of the frontwheels fromthis pointon inperformingthe processof this invention are identical with the corresponding steps employed for checking the alignmentr characteristics ofdirigible vehicle wheels disclosed in the aforesaid copending' joint'application. A brief description of this follows:

Checking dirigible wheels With the apparatus set as above described, the alignment characteristicsof the dirigible wheels are preferably checked in the following order: camber, toe-in, toe-out, steering geometry, and caster. The first three of these characteristics are checked by camber charts 2 49' and 240 pro- I ject'ed on the screens 1-6 and I8, and the chart 2 55 being illustrated in Fig. 23. The projection of the chart 2% on the screen ill by the optical unit- 4 is accomplished by rotating the knurled head 85 (see Figs. 5 and 6) so as to lower the slide 8| to its lowermost position in the slideway 89 until this will bring the camber chart film 89 into the projection path of theprojector 67 and cause chart 263 to be projected in its proper position on the screen it. This-position is such that where there isa zero amount of camber in the dirigible wheel 22? and with the latter turned straight ahead, the cross hair image 226 will fall on the horizontal zero line of chart 2 3% Any positive or negative camber in the Wheel 22%] however will be correctly indicated in degrees by the appearance of the cross hair image 22% below or above the zero line of the chart 243. The position of the cross hair image 225 on the chart 2 30 in Fig. indicates that the wheel 220 has a positive camber of 1.

In a similar manner, the actual camber of dirigihle wheel 228' is indicated by the position of the cross hair image 226 on the camber chart 243' which is projected on the screen 10.

10 Before checking toe-in or toe-out of the wheels 220 and 220 these are again raised by jacks dfl and 40 and rotated. These wheels are then lbwered with the cross hair beamv images 22 6 and 226" at points half way between the horizontalextremes ofv their respective wobblecircles.

To checktoe-in or toe-out 0f the wheels 22E! and 220', these are'now turned bythe steering mechanism of the automobile 22| so that-the cross hair'image 226', falls on the vertical zero line in the toe-in section of the camber'chart.

249.. By reference now to the camber chart 240 as Shown in Fig. 28, the toe-in or toe-out characteristic of the wheels 220 and 220' may be read by the location of thecross hairimage 226 on the charti24fl; In this view, anactual toe-in ofsonequarterof :an inch is correctly indicated:

To check the steering geometry of the wheels 2'20 and 220', the operator merely rotates the steeringwheel'to turn the wheels 220 and-220' abouttheir king pins so that the cross hairimage of "the-wheel on the outside of the turn-restson the vertical 20 line of'thecaster chartof'that wheel. The operator is then able to read the-actual angle at which the wheel'on the inside of the turn is turned about its kingpin, by the position of the cross hair image on the-caster chart ofsa'id inside wheel.

By virtue of the small size of the-camberchart 240, it is not necessary to occupy the entirearea of thescreen ill by this chart, and the-film 89 thus provides an area 243" on which advertising material or instructions may be placed and which will be projected on the screen in alongside the chart 244].

The-apparatus 30 and automobile 2 2! are at this time also properly arranged for checking the caster of front wheels 220 and 220'. The caster of the wheel 220 is checkedentirely independently from the caster of the Wheel 220'. As these two operations are identical, a. description of one will suffice for both. To check caster on the wheel 220, the knurled head is rotated to elevate the slide 8| to bring the caster chart film 9| into the projection path of the projector 61. This will cause the projector 61 to. project onto the screen 79 a caster chart 24! as shown in Fig. 29. The wheel 220 is now angled to turn this to the left until the cross hair image 226 is located on the vertical 20 line of this chart. This indicates that the plane of wheel 220 is turned outward exactly 20 from straight ahead and the mirror I92 is now automatically substituted in place of the mirror l9l of the wheel mirror i511 for intercepting and reflecting the beams 225 and 221 which form the cross hair image 226 and locator image 228. With the cross hair image 225 thus located with reference to the caster chart 2 the knurled head 85 is rotated to adjust the caster chart film 9| vertically to cause the cross hair image 226 to fall on the horizontal zero line of this chart as shown in Fig. 29.

The wheel 220 is now angled inwardly until the cross hair image 226 leaves the field of the chart 2M, reappears to cross this chart again and disappear, and then again reappears on the chart and comes into alignment with the 20 vertical reference line of chart 2 as shown in Fig. 30. The position of the cross hair image 226 on this line will now indicate the caster of the wheel 22!) in positive or negative degrees. The caster as indicated in Fig. 30 is positive 4 and 30.

The caster of the wheel 22B is now checked in the same manner by the right hand apparatus section 3!.

" Checking drive wheels With the automobile 22! positioned on the apparatus 30 as shown in Fig. 2 and with the wheel mirrors applied and the optical units 41 and 41' properly located relative to the front wheel mirrors I50 and IE, the method of this invention is adapted to be employed as follows in checking the alignment characteristics of the rear drive wheels 222 and 222'.

The first steps in checking the alignment of the rear wheels are of course the projecting of the beams H2 and H3 in parallel relation with the beams H2 and H3 respectively (and extending alongside the automobile 22!) and locating the light units 4! and 4'! so that these are equidistant laterally from point 229 in the fore and aft axis 230 of automobile 22! (Fig. 19) where this axis intersects a vertical plane passing through the centers of the wheels 22!] and 226', and then causing a relative rotative movement between the beams and the automobile in a horizontal plane about said point to bring the vertical plane of the beams H2 and H3 and the vertical plane of the beams H2 and H3 into parallelism with said automobile axis and equidistant laterally therefrom. The manner of accomplishing these steps has already been described.

It is necessary now to shift the craft film slides 8! and 8! of the projectors 4! and 4'! to bring the drive wheel chart films 90 and 9!! into the projection paths of said units so as to project drive wheel checking charts 245 and 245' respectively onto the screens 18 and 10. As already noted, the light beams H3 and H3 impinge upon the mirror elements 206 and 206' of the drive wheel mirrors !5! and I5! and are reflected therefrom onto the screens 10 and 10' so as to project cruciform beam images 224 and 224. By rotational adjustment of the mirrors I5! and on their respective shafts 208 and 200', the beam images 224 and 224' are now brought onto the charts 245 and 245 in selected vertical positions thereon, which, according to the indicia 246 appearing alongside each of these charts, correspond with the wheel base of the automobile 22!. As noted in Figs. 20, 22 and 24, the divisions representing a given amount of toe-out or toe-in on the horizontal lines on charts 245 and 245' progressively increase from the upper to the lower limits of these charts. The divisions on each of these horizontal lines are suitable for measurement of the amounts of toe-out or toe-in numerically indicated at the upper edge of these charts for a wheel base of a given length. As the wheel base increases in length, it requires a larger horizontal distance on the chart to indicate a given amount of toe- -1 out or toe-in in a rear wheel of the automobile being tested. Each of the indicia 246 indicates a wheel base of a certain length and is disposed opposite the horizontal lines of the charts 245 245' upon which the images 224-224 should be projected in order to give a correct reading of toe-out or toe-in for a car having that wheel base.

For instance, as the wheel base of the automobile 22! is approximately 118 inches, the operator projects the images 224 and 224 onto the charts 245 and 245 just above the horizontal lines on these charts which, according to the indicia 246, correspond to a wheel base of 120 inches. This is necessary for the readings on the charts 245 and 245 to be correct because the longer the wheel base of the automobile being tested, the greater the distance the mirrors 5! and !5! are located rearwardly from the screens l0 and TB and from the optical units 41 and 4 and thus the greater the distance which the beam images 224 and 224' will fall to one side or the other of the vertical zero lines of these charts for a given degree of deflection from true alignment of the drive wheels 222 and 222.

The next step in checking the alignment of the drive Wheels is to successively jack up the rear corners of the automobile 22! and make correction of the positions of the beam images 224 and 224' which are necessary to eliminate lateral deflections due to one or both of the drive wheels being bent so that the plane of the wheel is out of perpendicularity to the axis of the wheels rotation. For the wheel 222, this is done by jacking up the left rear corner of the automobile 22!, loosening the screw 285 of the mirror !5! and while holding this mirror 50 as to keep the beam image 224 on the chart 245, rotating the wheel 222 a full revolution and noting the extremes of movement of the image 224 on the chart 245 to the left and to the right. The wheel 222 is then stopped at a position in which the image 224 is at the midpoint between said extremes. The left rear corner of the automobile 22! is now lowered so that the wheel 222 will again rest on the wheel track 33. The position of the beam image 224 on the chart 245 will now correspond to the what it would be if the wheel 222 were not bent but, instead, were perpendicular to its axis of rotation.

The same thing as just described is now done with the right drive wheel 222 while the right rear corner of the automobile 22! is temporarily elevated.

When the foregoing steps have been completed, it is possible to determine the alignment characteristics of the axes of rotation of the rear drive wheels 222 and 222 by reading the positions of the beam images 224 and 224 on the charts 245 and 245 and by reading the spirit levels 2!!) and 2H).

Figs. 19 and 20 diagrammatically illustrate positions of the beam images 224 and 224 on the charts 245 and 245 which show the axes of rotation of the wheels 222 and 222 to lie in a vertical plane which is perpendicular to the fore and aft axis 230 of the automobile 22!. Assuming that there is no vertical or horizontal distortion of the rear axle housing 258, and that the wheels 222 and 222' thus rotate coaxially, the check illustrated in Figs. 19 and 20 indicates perfect alignment of the wheels 222 and 222.

The checking of these wheels to see whether these are bent out of perpendicularity with their respective axis of rotation may have indicated one or both wheels so affected. Nevertheless, in the absence of a rear axle housing defect, the appearance of the images 224 and 224 on the central vertical zero lines of the charts 245 and 245' indicates that when any bent condition is eliminated from the wheels 222 and 222', these will have true coaxial rotation in parallel planes about an axis which is at right angles to the fore and aft axis 23!! of the automobile 22!.

Figs. 21 and 22 illustrate a check on the drive wheels 222 and 222' in which the beam images 224 and 224 both fall to one side of the central vertical zero lines of the charts 245 and 245. This discloses that the entire rear axle unit embracing the housing 259 and the drive wheels mounted thereon has rotated about a vertical 13 axis so that the {wheel 222. is shifted;- forwardly. relative to the frame :of lithe automobileg andl'the Wheel 2221 .has shifted rearwardly relative .to said framewe Thus. while thewwheelssflzi'and 222 may. still'irotate. coaxially .on the housing 250, the axis of their rotation is not-perpendicular to the. fore andaftzaxis 23B of. theaautomobile 2.2 l,.but as shown inFig. 21 and indicatedzonithe charts in Fig.;,22,.is. turnedtoward" theright. Th'atis, the left dri e'. wheel 22.2 toesinandzthe right drive wheel 22.2 toes ,out. a corresponding amount..=. Thelactual distancelofl deflection of these wheels .relative to the frame of: the.aut-, mobile is, measured .on e the, charts .245 and .245! by the o-indicia appearingpalong the, upperledg'es of these charts, Thus in-l7ig., 22, the wheel 222 isshownas' being shifted one-eighthof. an inch forwardly from its true-opositionson :the frame of, the automobile; and the wheeli 222' is' shown as being shifted one-eighth of an inch rearwardly, from its true positionbnthe frame.- Figs-1.2.3- and' 24 illustrate a, check of the, drive wheels 2 22=and 222' inwhich a-:distorted .,hous ing 25D is ;indicated, the-distortion, being in a horizontal planekso thatgboth of these wheels toe out.

Rigs. 2'5 and ZGHiIlustrate the manner; inwhich; atdistortion'of the housing 53 in a vertical pl n may -be ,detectedby readings of, .the spiritlevels 2 l0. and,2 l 0.:,afte17 the app ra us: whats bee se up in proper; relation to; the, automobile 2 2 I and cor 'ectiom ,made ;for 1 either 0f J the wheels 2-22- andt -Hfi in nt. a sa tThel vels 2-1 and 2 Q ha su table ca ibrat on by w ch ll 6 1 1 11 fi i l P1 1169 the slq rotation of the drive wheels from true coaxial ali n entm v be rea .Anou andi s ad nta e of th zp s n in: e tio is a th r n h n-o the cross ai image and the locator beam image whichindi at th -WWW s n b w e wtb ic "producing these images and the adjacent di .elb Wh i or i wnq istort d b s 2- c essivecamber the dirigible wheel on which dl l is m n e app nsiin ce ta n new e w el i rafiuqhna hat dis e n i eb n i i p ica n when ddirieible eelie nw h d-$ as r n' s breu aboi by ip ei i nathe ci' ss hair beam and locator beam in the same.

a w l rs ee e t e Wbeehmi P thatthey strilnethis, mirroron-the s a e on,- tal-leveli EXc'essive camber, th ereo1 ,e, a he dirigiblelwheel 22f for instance doesno intro; duceanyisubstant al change in. the resp t've lengths of the paths traveled. by thegbearnsl lfi and 221,, ,on their way to the screlenzflfl, when the wheel z'ml, is being checked for caste .Eroi'e ting. beams resend zamn the. sam hori; zontal plane, so thatthese beams eepat ag ing located in the" plane of the mirror s I) whe t unit: a1. has been movedinto thge pr oper s'paced relation withlthemirror; has th efijejctfl v 0f re dircing ldistortion simplifies the, construe-ton a n i c o t a ar tu at. a almdirigible hea pr a large ,variety of diameters to be checkediwith a wheel IhHTQPQSlJ-fih e wheel mirror. [55min which therefiectingmirrors are ,rel ative'lysmallin area. v V a Whereas no scales have been shownl for use in'rnaking an exact reading oi the angle which, the plane of bent wheel has with respect to its axis; either in, the dirigible wheels or ,inthe drive wheels of anautomobile theseangles' are readily determinable fro m the diameter .01: a wobble cifcleproduced by a dirigible wheel, and by the distance between" opposite extremes" of 1'4 movement of -a rearward beam image, such as the-image 224, when the drive wheel'producing this image is rotated.

A 'reading of said angle in a'drive wheelmay also be made by .observing'the extremes of movement of the bubble in a spirit level (such'as'the level 2 Def the drive wheel mirror mounted on this'wheel, while the latter is being" rotated'to seewhether or not it is bent. t

From the disclosure embracing the accom p'anying drawings and the above description, it isxbelieved clear that the present invention provides a novel and extremely efiicient method and apparatus by which the alignment. characteristics" of all 'four wheels of an automotive vehicle maybe readily checked and that this may be accomplished in a relatively short time. It is also believed evident'that the'significance of the test will lie-manifest to anfunskilled observer so that the'average car owner will be assured of the correctiiess of the diagnosis of the alignment characteristics of his automobile before work is started on it and. be likewise assured by arecheck after the work is completed that the errors: in alignment discovered by the first check have been corrected.

Whereas the invention as disclosed herein is especially adapted for checking the alignment characteristics oftwo front dirigible wheels of a vehicle and two, rear, non-dirigible, drive wheels oftsai'd' vehicle it is to be understood that inits broader applications,v the invention is by no means restricted' in use to these specific operations.

It is to be further understood that whillthe irontwheels of an automoive vehicle areordinarily. dirigible and the rear wheels non-dirigible and employed. to drive the vehicle, the rear wheels might be made dirigible and the front wheels employed to drive the vehicle and evenber'nade non-dirigible, but theinvention is readily adapt.- ablerto checking the .alignment characteristics oflsuch wheels by application of the principles disclosed herein. a alt-is therefore to be ,understoodpwhere referencc is madein the claims .to checking opera-. tion': performed on rear wheels or drive. wheels, these terms are to be broadly construed as cover: ing any non-dirigible supporting wheels of the vehicle whether idle or driven and no matter where these may be placed along the sides of'the vehicle. A, t

Whereas the mostsensitive action in the opposite horizontal shifting of images 225 and 2:28 is l'secured bybearns .225 and 221 being projected forwardly and inwardly, andrearwardly and in wardly or rearwardly and inwardly against said nflirror along converging paths and in the same plane.

,fIt also should bepointed outv that while it:

is pre'f erab leltobring the light beams' H2 and H.2f into parall elism with eachother and' with thev vehicl'ee'ins i238! and equidistant" fronif the,

latter, many benefits of the invention rnay} be reaiized without conforming to all these conditions.

'Fo'r instancait isimportant'that ljlj2 parallelism with the horizontal plane of the axis Zfifl and that these beams. travel j'par'allel verticalplane's. Various lateral measurements 15 of value may be made by the use of said beams under these conditions even though the vertical planes aforesaid are not spaced equidistant laterally from vehicle axis 230, so long as allowance be made for different lateral spacing of said planes.

It is likewise important that the light beams H3 and H3 be substantially parallel and lie in the same parallel vertical planes in which beams H2 and H2 travel. They preferably come from the same respective sources and thus diverge upwardly at slight angles from beams H2 and H2. Nevertheless beams H3 and H3 could accurately perform their functions of indicating the toe-in and toe-out of the rear vehicle wheels 222 and 222' even though the parallel vertical planes containing said beams are not equally spaced laterally from vehicle axis 230.

In the preferred embodiment of the invention above described, the projection base is mounted for rectilinear movement towards or away from the wheel mirror along a path which is parallel with a line passing through the centers of the dirigible' wheels when the latter are turned straight ahead. To simplify the definition of this line in the claims, it will be assumed without mention being made thereof, that the wheels are turned straight ahead when their centers determine this line. It should also be noted that while the direction of movement of the projection base is preferably parallel with said line, deviation from parallelism is possible so long as said direction has a fixed orientation relative to said line.

What I claim is:

1. In an apparatus for measuring alignment characteristics of the wheels of a vehicle, the combination of means supported independently of said vehicle for projecting a pair of approximately horizontal parallel light beams in parallel vertical planes; means for adjusting the spacing of said beam producing means from the front wheels of said vehicle to locate said vertical planes of said beams laterally equidistant from said front wheels; means for measuring the spacing of said beams from the rear wheels of said vehicle to indicate precisely what adjustment is needed between the rear end of said vehicle and said beams to bring the fore-and-aft axis of said vehicle and said planes into parallelism; a pair of I rear wheel mirrors; means for mounting one of said mirrors on each of the rear wheels of said vehicle with said mirror substantially vertical and perpendicular to the plane of said rear wheel and with said mirror in position to intercept the light beam on that side of said vehicle; and screen means positioned to receive images produced by the reflections of said beams from said mirrors to facilitate the checking of alignment characteristics of said rear wheels.

2. A method of checking the angles between the fore-and-aft axis of an automotive vehicle and the rotational axes of the rear wheels thereof, which comprises: projecting a pair of beams of light along opposite sides of said vehicle and independently thereof in parallel vertical planes, applying a plane mirror to each of said rear wheels to be supported thereon with the reflective face of said mirror perpendicular to the plane of said wheel and intercepting the aforesaid light beam on that side of said vehicle, centralizing said vehicle between said beams and with its force-and-aft axis parallel with said planes, disposing screens to intercept reflections of said beams from said wheel mirrors a given distance 16 from the latter, and providing calibrations on said screens which afford correct readings of the angles first aforestated in the positions of said beam images relative to said calibrations.

3. A method as defined in claim 2 and applicable to vehicles varying in length of wheel base, said method including the provision of a series of calibrations at different levels on said screens, those at each level being for a vehicle of a different particular wheel base, and tilting said wheel mirrors about axes perpendicular to said wheels to superpose the screen images of said light beams on the particular calibrations provided on said screens for measuring the aforesaid angles on a vehicle having the particular wheelbase of the vehicle being tested.

4. A method of checking the angle between the fore and aft axis of an automotive vehicle and the rotational axis of a rear wheel thereof which comprises: projecting a beam of light alongside said vehicle and independent thereof on the same side as said wheel and in a vertical plane which is parallel with said vehicle axis, applying a plane mirror to said rear wheel to be pivotally supported thereon on an axis approximately but not exactly parallel with the rotational axis of said wheel, and with said mirror intercepting the aforesaid light beam, disposing a screen to intercept the reflection of said beam from said mirror a given distance from the latter, rotating said wheel at equal rates relative to said vehicle and said mirror, said rotation causing the image on said screen of said reflected beam to shift back and forth horizontally, halting said wheel with said image equidistant from its extreme positions, and providing calibrations on said screen which afford a reading of the aforesaid angle in the relation of said beam image, in its adjusted position, to said calibrations.

5. A method of checking the angles between the fore and aft axis of an automotive vehicle and the rotational axes of the rear wheels thereof including the steps of: projecting a pair of beams of light along opposite sides of said vehicle, and independently thereof, in parallel vertical planes spaced equal distances from the front Wheels of said vehicle, placing vertically calibrated members against corresponding portions of said rear wheels substantially perpendicular to said wheels, and intercepting said light beams, to indicate the comparative spacing of said planes from said rear wheels, and shifting the rear end of said vehicle until the points on which said members intercept said beams are spaced equally from said rear wheels.

6. A method of checking the angles between the fore-and-aft axis of an automotive vehicle and the rotational axes of the rear wheels thereof including the steps of projecting a pair of beams of light along opposite sides of said vehicle, and independently thereof, in parallel vertical planes spaced equal distances from the front wheels of said vehicle, placing vertically calibrated members against corresponding portions of said rear wheels substantially perpendicular to said wheels and intercepting said light beams to indicate the comparative spacing of said planes from said rear wheels, shifting the rear end of said vehicle until the points on which said members intercept said beams are spaced equally from said rear wheels, disposing mirrors substantially vertically and perpendicular with said rear wheels and in the paths of said beams, disposing screens to intercept the reflections of said beams from said mirrors, and vertically calibrating said 

